The Human Tendency Towards War Exemplified in William...

Thomas Hobbes once said, â€Å"Hereby it is a manifest, that during the time man live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war . . .† (Hobbes 64). Thomas Hobbes, an enlightenment thinker, believes that humans are born evil, and without a good leader, everything will turn into chaos. William Golding’s Lord of the Flies rightly gives examples on Hobbes’ viewpoint. Throughout the story, it shows the process in which the boys slowly loses their civilized self and turn into savages, how the boys would do anything just for survival or just purely entertainment. William Golding shows the innate evilness within humans by employing religious allegory as by using events, characters, and settings that†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, the characters in the story parallels to other characters in the Bible. When Ralph starts condemning himself, Simon cheers him up by saying, â€Å"You’ll get back to where you came from† (Golding 111). According to the Bible, only Satan causes condemnation. By interrupting Ralph and giving him hope, Golding illustrates Simon as Jesus because he saves Ralph from being torn apart by Satan. The quote also suggests Simon knows something Ralph does not know. It shows that Simon may have the ability to foresee future events. Later, when Simon talks to the beast, or Lord of the Flies, it says, â€Å"I’m the reason why it’s no go? Why things are what they are?† (Golding 143). The Lord of the Flies symbolizes Satan. In the New Testament, after baptism, Satan temps Jesus with various things for forty days. Simon is the only person that is able to speak to the beast on the island. His innate goodness helps him to be able to speak to the Lord of the Flies without being afraid, which is something only Jesus can do. Throughout the story, Simon displays various traits of Jesus such as being deeply spiritual, compassionated, and non-violent . The setting of the story are also related to stories in the Bible. The island is described as â€Å"The air was thick with butterflies, lifting, fluttering, settling† (Golding 28). The image described resembles to that of the paradise. Just like the Garden of Eden, the island has an ideal weather, an abundance of fruits,Show MoreRelatedLord of the Flies and World War Ii1737 Words   |  7 Pagescan impact literature. British involvement in WWII directly influenced Goldings novel, Lord of the Flies. As all authors use their life and times as reference points in their works, Golding drew heavily on sociological, cultural, and military events. Lord of the Flies is an allegorical parallel to the world, as Golding perceived it. The island, the boys, and many other objects and events described in his work represent Goldings view of the world and humankind in general. He specifically incorporatesRead MoreThe Theme of Lord of the Flies Essay2118 Words   |  9 PagesThe theme o f Lord of the Flies has been questioned and speculated about for decades. To answer the critics, Golding said that the theme was to trace the problems of society back to the sinful nature of man. The theme of Lord of the Flies has been questioned and speculated about for decades. To answer the critics, Golding said that the theme was to trace the problems of society back to the sinful nature of man. He wrote the book to show how political systems cannot govern society effectively

Essay on The Holocaust A Brutal Event in the World

The holocaust is the saddest thing I have ever heard about. With the Nazis and other Germans blaming everything on the Jews to mass murders of the Jews and others. The Germans killed more than one million people altogether. The German leader was Adolf Hitler. So once everyone started to realize what was going on, they said, hey jail time. We study the Holocaust because it gives us info. It gives us info on the way the world was before there were laws and justice. It was very sad and deadly. People were dying everyday and night from sickness or murder. They did not care about that. The only thing they cared about were themselves and profits. To me, they looked at everything as entertainment. They did not care about how people felt.†¦show more content†¦Once Hitler realized that people were catching onto him, he shot himself. He knew just how much punishment he would have once they caught him. Just imagine going through what Anne Frank and her family went through. Having to hide all your life, then losing every last one of your family members except your dad from sickness or murder. Do you think they had fun every second or minute or every hour. How do you think they felt when someone got sick, or when they got captured and were hauled away like animals? If i were them i would try my every hardest to try and exscape. The Holocaust was one of the most brutal event that has ever happened in the world. According to stories and articals, Hitler killed himself because he knew what the law was capable of once they caught him. He either would be jailed for life or signed up for death. Hitler was not their race but yet they were still listening to every word he said. If Hitler were alive today he would still be in jail. I do not think anyone would have any mercy for him or feel sorry for him. Only if Hitler realized the pain and suffering these people were going through, maybe he would have changed or felt sorry for them and went easy on them, instead of killing them everyday. If Hitler were alive today i would ask him if seeing people die everyday was funny, or was it ammusing in any way. I would ask him why did he do this to his friends. JustShow MoreRelatedBiography of Elie Wiesel Essay1354 Words   |  6 Pageswriting for newspapers in both France and Israel† (Holocaust Survivor’s Storyteller). Over the course of time Wiesel became quite popular with many of his stories he shared with his experience while being in the different concentration camps he was held in. Before he published these stories he just remained silent until â€Å"During an interview with the French writer Francois Mauriac, Wiesel was persuaded to end the silence† (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum). That French writer persuading himRead MoreHysteria Comparison of the Salem Witch Trials and the Holocaust1222 Words   |  5 Pages Hysteria comparison of the Salem Witch Trials and the Holocaust During both the devastating Holocaust in the Germany and the tragic Salem Witch Trials in the small town of Salem, innocent people were brutally killed, causing hysteria among the people. Both groups of people endured hardships because of the hysteria that occurred among them. This hysteria caused people to react in ways that they would not usually act. Both of these events are very historical and help The United States of AmericaRead MoreThe Holocaust And Its Effects On The Jews And The Rest Of The World1213 Words   |  5 PagesThe Holocaust was a systematic government enforced persecution and murder of the Jews that took place throughout Nazi-occupied territories under the command of Adolf Hitler. Although the rest of the world did not suffer from the abuse, murder and isolation that the Jews endured, the brutal polices against Jews caused major destruction and sparked tremendous outrage globally. World War 2 erupted after Adolf Hitler won the election for Germany’s leade r in 1933. Throughout the years, his dictatorshipRead MorePrimo Levi1248 Words   |  5 Pagesliberation from the most brutal concentration camps of them all, Auschwitz. Published in 1946, the story of Primo Levi’s pursuit for freedom has inspired many people around the world. Levi’s quest back home to Italy was a grueling mission, from ruthless acts of the Nazi regime, the traumatic effects of imprisonment in Auschwitz and the near death experience of hunger and illness. The Holocaust brought a cloud of darkness filled with pain and despair. Very few victims of the Holocaust survived and thoseRead MoreThe Holocaust Of Auschwitz And Buchenwald From 1944-19451633 Words   |  7 PagesCountless events in the world have been caught in history books but between the ones that have held to the memory of people is the holocaust. The Holocaust was a very disturbing event that triggered an eye-opener for individuals about how harsh humans can be. The purpose for this is since the vast number of victims and questions as to what was the actual motive behind the need to defeat a whole community. Holocaust is an organized, state financed torment and slaying of approximately six million JewsRead MoreThe Holocaust : A Profound Effect On Modern History Essay1688 Words   |  7 Pages Final Paper Dr. Holly Hurlburt Holocaust Memorial The Holocaust had a profound effect on modern history. Millions of European Jews lost their lives during this brutal extermination period. Many Jewish professionals were removed from their businesses and denied education. Thousands of Jewish businesses were ransacked and destroyed throughout Germany. In the middle of the night, Nazi officials broke into Jewish homes kidnapping all Jews regardless of age and gender. These men, women, and childrenRead MoreEssay about The Holocaust and the Cambodian Genocide 1201 Words   |  5 Pagesof people of a certain origin. The Holocaust was in Germany and started in 1933. Adolf Hitler and the Nazis were in charge of the Holocaust. The Cambodian Genocide took place in Cambodia. Cambodia is in Southeast Asia (â€Å"Cambodian†). Pol Pot was the leader of Khmer Rouge and the group was in charge of the Cambodian Genocide (â€Å"Cambodian†). The Cambodian Genocide started in 1975 and ended in 1978 because Khmer Rouge was ended by Vie tnam (â€Å"Cambodian†). The Holocaust and the Cambodian Genocide are similarRead MoreAdolf Hitler And The Holocaust Essay1105 Words   |  5 PagesAdolf Hitler and the Holocaust. The Holocaust is the word used to describe the mass murder of approximately six million European Jews during Adolf Hitler’s rule in Germany. Among the Jews were also other groups described as â€Å"Sub-Humans† such as Gypsies, homosexuals, intellectually challenged, political prisoners and most Eastern Europeans. German lacked confidence in their weak system, the Weimer Republic. Adolf Hitler, the chairman of the Nazi Party by 1921, was a World War I veteran who still believedRead More Schindler’s List, directed by Steven Spielberg and The Pianist, Directed by Roman Polanski1003 Words   |  5 PagesList, directed by Steven Spielberg and The Pianist, Directed by Roman Polanski The holocaust is seen as a time of horror, filled with brutal, inhuman actions carried out by the Nazi party. Schindler’s List, directed by Steven Spielberg, is one of the most realistic movies to show the gruesome shock of the concentration camps and torture of Jews. Spielberg captured the true essences of what pain was during World War Two. In 2002, Roman Polanski came out with The Pianist, a movie that focuses on aRead MoreThe Horrors of Genocide: Night, by Elie Wiesel1699 Words   |  7 PagesSteven Pinker implied that, â€Å"As long as your ideology identifies the main source of the worlds ills as a definable group, it opens the world up to the mass murder of people† (1). Steven Pinker revealed an interesting side to the controversial topic of mass murders and the causes of them. He revealed that as long as people in this world believe that they are better than other due to their race, religion, and everything else that defines a group of people as different from another group of people

LiFung Case Free Essays

Li Fung Established in 1906, Hong Kong–based Li Fung is now one of the largest multinational trad-ing companies in the developing world, with annual sales of more than $7 billion in 2005, up from just $1. 2 billion in 2000. The company, which is still run by the grandsons of the founder, Victor and William Fung, does not see itself as a traditional trading enterprise. We will write a custom essay sample on LiFung Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rather, it sees itself as an expert in supply chain management for its 500 or so customers. These customers are a diverse group and include clothing retailers and consumer electronics companies. Li Fung takes orders from customers and then sifts through its network of 7,500 independent suppliers located in 40 countries to find the right manufacturing enterprises to produce the product for customers at the most attractive combination of cost and quality. Attaining this goal frequently requires Li Fung to break up the value chain and disperse different productive activities to manufacturers located in different countries depending on an assessment of factors such as labor costs, trade barriers, transportation costs, and so on. Li Fung then coordinates the whole process, managing the logistics and arranging for the shipment of the finished product to the customer. Typical of its customers is The Limited, Inc. , a large U. S. -based chain of retail clothing stores. The Limited outsources much of its manufacturing and logistics functions to Li Fung. The process starts when The Limited comes to Li Fung with designer sketches of clothes for the next fashion season. Li Fung takes the basic product concepts and researches the market to find the right kind of yarn, dye, buttons, and so on; it then assembles these into prototypes that The Limited can inspect. Once The Limited has settled on a prototype, it will give Li Fung an order and ask for delivery within five weeks. The short time between an order and requested delivery is necessitated by the rapid rate of product obsolescence in the fashion clothing industry. With order in hand, Li Fung distributes the various aspects of the overall manufacturing process to different producers depending on their capabilities and costs. For example, Li Fung might decide to purchase yarn from a Korean company but have it woven and dyed in Taiwan. So Li Fung will arrange for the yarn to be picked up from Korea and shipped to Taiwan. The Japanese might have the best zip-pers and buttons, but they manufacture them mostly in China. So Li Fung will go to YKK, a big Japanese zipper manufacturer, and order the right zip-pers from its Chinese plants. Then Li Fung might decide that due to con-straints imposed by export quotas and labor costs, the best place to make the final garments might be in Thailand. So everything will be shipped to Thailand. In addition, because The Limited, like many retail customers, needs quick delivery, Li Fung might divide the order across five factories in Thailand. Five weeks after the order has been received, the garments will arrive on the shelves of The Limited, all looking like they came from one factory, with colors perfectly matched. The result is a product that may have a label that says â€Å"Made in Thailand,† but it is a global product. To better serve the needs of its customers, Li Fung is divided into numer-ous small, customer-focused divisions. There is a theme store division that serves a handful of customers such as Warner Brothers; there is a division for The Limited, and another for Gymboree, a U. S. -based children’s clothing store. Walk into one of these divisions, such as the one for Gymboree, and you will see that every one of the 40 or so people there is focused solely on meeting Gymboree’s needs. On every desk is a computer with a direct software link to Gymboree. The staff is organized into specialized teams in areas such as design, technical support, merchandising, raw material pur-chasing, quality assurance, and shipping. These teams also have direct elec-tronic links to dedicated staff in Li Fung’s branch offices in various countries where Gymboree buys in volume, such as China, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Thus, Li Fung uses information systems to manage, coordinate, and control the globally dispersed design, production, and shipping process to ensure that the time between receipt of an order and delivery is minimized, as are overall costs. How to cite LiFung Case, Papers

Learn How to Write a Descriptive Essay

Wondering how to write an impressive descriptive essay? Writing a descriptive essay is both fun and challenging. You need to describe the main topic in detail and by engaging the five senses of the readers. Scary? Dont be and continue reading to learn how to write a descriptive essay. Quick Links 1. What is a Descriptive Essay? 2. How to Start a Descriptive Essay 2.1 Analyze 2.2 Physical Settings 2.3 Physical Features 2.4 Create Drama 2.5 Focus On Your Feelings 2.6 Use Of Specific Vocabulary 2.7 Psychological Aspects 2.8 Ask Yourself, WHY? 3. How To Write A Descriptive Essay? 3.1 Descriptive Essay Introduction 3.2 Descriptive Essay Thesis Statement 3.3 Descriptive Essay Body Paragraphs 3.4 Descriptive Essay Conclusion 4. Descriptive Essay Topics Ideas 4.1 Living Beings 4.2 Non-living Beings 5. Descriptive Essay Topics 6. Descriptive Essay Examples Students usually get these essays in high school and college. Writing a descriptive essay is different than any other assignment as you need to focus on describing a certain person, place or event. It is somewhat like a narrative essay because it explains the senses of touch, smell, vision and taste through words. Descriptive essay writing focuses on the details, emotions, sentiments, and feelings that are not found in other essay types. This makes it both interesting and difficult to write.1. What is a Descriptive Essay? A descriptive essay is a detailed paper that describes a place, person, situation, an object, or emotions. Different people have different points of view and your job is to explain yours in detail. For a compelling essay, using adjectives and adverbs, details, and figurative language is fundamental. Without proper usage of words, you will not be able to invoke the readers' emotions. 2. How to Start a Descriptive Essay A strong start for your descriptive essay is essential. Analyze your topic from every angle and document the following details: 2.1 Analysis Analyse the main subjects in detail and observe minute things. Start with observing all the possible aspects of the subject. Don't just observe the object but also its surroundings. Focus on details and features of the subject and develop opinions about them. Be thoughtful; this first step will be the basis for the essay. 2.2 Physical Settings Describing the physical settings is a must in a descriptive essay. When describing, keep the following points in mind. Focus on the subject's position and observe nearby objects Note the time of day and kind of lighting: natural or imitated Physical settings: all the basic and decorative elements The position and shape of the objects Alignment and any other observable information 2.3 Physical Features When describing the physical features of the subject, living or nonliving, consider the following points. Living or nonliving; describe the features in detail The subject's skin color, texture, smoothness, expression, and age The features of inanimate objects in the picture, color, surface and texture 2.4 Create Drama Storytelling and drama is the life and blood of a good descriptive essay. It turns your essay into an exciting and interesting piece of writing. However, be subtle about adding drama to your sentence structure and add it to complement your story only. 2.5 Focus On Your Feelings Focus on how you feel about the particular topic or person and stick to it. It is easy to get involved when working on the essay. But, focus on your own feelings and write an essay based on it. 2.6 Use Of Specific Vocabulary Vocabulary is important. Select the best words for describing an action or object. Don't always use the first word that comes to mind. Write slowly and thoughtfully, and use specific words to convey your thoughts. Here is a brief vocabulary guide that demonstrates this: 2.7 Psychological Aspects Writing about a certain situation or behavior of a person, focus on the mental aspects and emotions involved in them. For Example, describe your emotions when your friend misplaced your notes right before the exam. You may have several emotions in that incident. Maybe you were prepared for exams, but this situation put you under pressure and made you feel frustrated and hurt. Explore those emotions and describe the feelings they aroused. Describe the body language also, if relevant. 2.8 Ask Yourself, WHY? This is the most valuable tip for students. When you are looking at a particular subject, and having difficulty analyzing its aspects, ask yourself "WHY". Why is the subject the way it is? Why the person you are describing has such deep set and cold eyes? Why the animal is so wounded and terrified? Why the particular place is famous? It is a good practice and after some time you will do it naturally. Knowing the why is important if you want to describe your topic properly.3. How To Write A Descriptive Essay? When you write a descriptive essay, you help your readers visualize an event, a person or story. It is written to make your readers feel what you feel about the respective subject. A descriptive essay seeks to appeal to some or all of the audience's five senses. Some key things to consider are: Discussing your subject thoroughly Focusing on details and adding them in your essay Sharing your personal feelings and experience about the subject Observing and describing all sensory details of your subject Before starting, it is important to create an outline. Following are the fundamental elements of your descriptive essay outline: 3.1 Descriptive Essay Introduction Start the essay in an easy to understand way and language. Provide the background information on your topic so they can understand it and its importance. To make sure the reader feels your emotions and decides to continue reading further, incorporate the following points in your introduction. Attract the reader's attention with an interesting fact, phrase, or quote Don't bombard them with information Include enough information to introduce the topic and its significance. Summarize the argument and the main topic and craft your thesis statement 3.2 Descriptive Essay Thesis Statement A thesis statement is an integral part of your essay. It focuses on the argument and the writer's main idea, that is to be discussed in the essay. This statement also provides the writer with a chance of explaining the purpose and scope of the topic. It is intriguing and engaging. 3.3 Descriptive Essay Body Paragraphs Usually, an essay consists of three body paragraphs but you can add more if needed. Don't add more than one central ideas in one paragraph. Fusing different ideas will confuse the reader. Build your paragraphs according to the thesis and introduction. Start each body paragraph with a main sentence Use transitions to move between paragraphs smoothly Each paragraph should be five to six sentences long 3.4 Descriptive Essay Conclusion The concluding paragraph is the last part of an essay, and probably your last chance to impress your reader. To make it interesting and thought provoking, include the following points: Restate the thesis statement Summarize the main points Add an intriguing closing statement 4. Descriptive Essay Topics Ideas Descriptive essay topics are often related to physical settings, locations, living beings and objects. Make sure that your essay includes the five senses, touch, taste, smell, sight, hearing, or at least one of them. It depends on the topic and the kind of feeling that you want to arouse. Below are some descriptive essay ideas and ways to achieve them. 4.1 Living BeingsHumans When you want to write about a person, consider the following elements: Gender, age, complexion, and expressions Physical features Height, body type and approximate weight Posture Kind of clothes These details will add depth to the description and your readers will actually see your narrative. 4.2 Animals When animals are the subject, you can add the above points plus the following details: Species and animal Size, weight, color Behavior patterns Temperament Trained or wild? Real or fictional? 4.3 Inanimate subjects Geographic locations and structures When your subject is a place or a building, add the following points: Research about the place and its historical background The color and the building's type A famous place or landmark to draw a comparison and inspire interest 4.4 Behavior Human behavior and psychology is a compelling descriptive essay subject. When writing about it: Describe the consequences of a particular behavior Discuss the emotional dimension of the topic and how you perceive it personally 4.5 Event Or Travel Experience A travel experience makes a good descriptive essays, since you have experienced the event first hand. Give a detailed description of the place, people at the venue and atmosphere of the location. Idea, Concept, or Occupation When writing on such topics, focus on how an idea or concept affects the society and its different aspects. 5. Descriptive Essay Topics Choosing a topic for your descriptive essay is quite interesting. You get to choose something that you have an emotional connection with. When writing a descriptive essay about a person or place, adding their personal traits will be helpful. Some examples of descriptive essay topics include: Compose a detailed descriptive essay about your best friend. Describe a fancy place that you have created. Describe your dream vacation destination. Describe your favorite mall or store. Describe your childhood home. Descriptive essay about nature. Descriptive essay about a place you visited. Describe the personality of your Maths teacher. Discuss the main characters of your favorite movie. Descriptive essay about chocolate. For more descriptive essay writing topics, visit our blog and get 100+ descriptive essay topics. 6. Descriptive Essay ExamplesStudy these descriptive essay samples to understand the main idea, structure and purpose of descriptive essays. To help you understand how to write a great descriptive essay, we have a whole blog post dedicated to it. We know that talking about something is one thing and demonstrating it is completely different. To get helpful examples of writing a well thought descriptive essay, please head on to our descriptive essay examples blog. Having a descriptive essay assignment with a short deadline? 5StarEssays academic writing professionals are ready to help you. They read the essay details before writing and make sure that they incorporate all the details in it. Get 100% plagiarism free content at affordable prices. Order your essay now.

Torque physics lab report Essay Example

Torque physics lab report Essay Example Torque physics lab report Paper Torque physics lab report Paper The purpose of this experiment was to help understand torque by not only measuring it but also by manipulating and adjusting the weights experimentally. Procedure In order to perform all the procedures a few instruments were required a meter stick, a triple beam balance, suspension clamps and their stirrups, a knife edge, as well as weights of 50 and 100 grams and a spring scale. The meter stick was weighed (without the clamp), and its center of gravity was found (its not usually exactly at 50cm), the 6 clamps were weighed as well. For the first part the meter stick was put on 35cm and a 100g weight was adjusted until the center of balance was found, the position was recorded, this was than done with 150g and 50g. Once the values were recorded the weight of the bar was calculated and the average was found. For the next part of the experiment three weights were attached anywhere on the bar, the center one was adjusted till there was equilibrium and than the force was measured with a spring scale. The numbers were recorded and the weights of down and upward forces were measured as well as the clockwise and counter clockwise torques. For the last part of the experiment six clamps were arranged on the bar( with weights on them ) so that one was at 10cm and one at 90cm and the rest were spread in between , one end was supported by the knife edge and the other by the spring scale. The forced shown by the scale was recorded, the ends were than switched and the force was once again recorded. Calculations were than done to verify the sum of the torque was that of the reading on the spring scale as well as that the total sum of the weights was compared via calculation to the upward force shown. Data/Analysis Part I: Prep Part II: Calculating the weight of the meter bar by balancing torque (mb): (mc= mass of clamp, g = acceleration due to gravity) Table 1: Determination of Meter Weight by Balancing to Torque (Experimental) m= mass of weights (g) x= Clamp Position from knife edge (cm) mb= Weight of Meter Bar from Balancing Torque (g) Position on meter stick (cm) r= position from axis of rotation (m) (N*m)96 Questions: The motion of the rigid system will move up in the counter clockwise direction if the condition for equilibrium is not satisfied in which the spring has greater force. The opposite will happen if the meter bar and weights have a greater force than the spring. The same goes for the Torque. If the second condition for equilibrium is not satisfied and there is greater torque of the spring, the system will move in the counter clockwise motion and will move clockwise if the Torque is greater for the meter bar. The motion of the rigid system will move in the same fashion as described above if neither of the conditions for equilibrium are satisfied. If there are equal numbers of suspension clamps on each side of the support with the same weight, their weights can be omitted from the calculations because the weights can be factored out and be eliminated from the way the force and torque equations are set-up. Regardless, they should total to zero. When the center of gravity of the meter bar was determined in Part I, the bar was supported at a point coinciding with the center of gravity. If the clamp were to have been inverted, where the bar is supported at a point above the center of gravity, you wouldnt een be able to balance the meter bar because it is not in the center of gravity it would just be slack and hang down. Therefore you wouldnt even find the accurate position where it is level. This would have skewed the results, making inaccurate readings and calculations. In part IV, if the meter bar were to be held at an incline of 30 degrees angle above the horizontal by the spring balance, the spring balance reading would remain the same because the force of the spring is just m*g, which remains the same even if you change the angle. The mass and acceleration due to gravity remains constant. However, Torque changes (t=r(F*sin(? )) since angle comes into account. Figure: Conclusion In the study of this lab, torque was observed by measuring, manipulating, and adjusting the weights on the meter bar. The weight of the meter bar was found by experimentally calculating the torque. Comparing the actual weight of the meter bar and the experimental values, the percent error was only 5. 96%-14. %. This percent error is low enough to be negligible and to confirm the equation used for Part II. In Part III and IV, the forces acting on the meter stick are in the vertical direction. Since the meter stick was level, the angle was 180 degrees meaning the force acted on the axis on either side of the center of balance. The experiment should have observed that the net force and net torque acting on the meter stick is equaled to zero. However, experimental results show that the net force is not zero. The net torque is not zero as well. However, the net torque value approaches zero more than the experimental values do. Therefore, the torque equation may be confirmed in this experiment, but the force equation cannot because the values are too far from zero. This may be because the presence of error in this lab is high. Errors occurred in this lab are due to inaccurate measurements of position. It was difficult to keep the meter bar steady to find where the stick is level. Also, there may have been something wrong with the balance and springs because they are very old, rusted equipment and may not work as accurately as they did when they were new. Overall, we were able to understand the concept of torque, even if there were errors in our experiment.

Northrop P-61 Black Widow in World War II

Northrop P-61 Black Widow in World War II In 1940, with World War II raging, the Royal Air Force began seeking designs for a new night fighter to combat German raids on London. Having used radar to aid in winning the Battle of Britain, the British sought to incorporate smaller airborne intercept radar units into the new design. To this end, the RAF instructed the British Purchasing Commission in the US to evaluate American aircraft designs. Key among the desired traits were the ability to loiter for around eight hours, carry the new radar system, and mount multiple gun turrets. During this period, Lieutenant General Delos C. Emmons, the US Air Officer in London, was briefed on British progress relating to the development of airborne intercept radar units. He also gained an understanding of the RAFs requirements for a new night fighter. Composing a report, he stated that he believed the American aviation industry could produce the desired design. In the United States, Jack Northrop learned of the British requirements and began contemplating a large, twin engine design. His efforts received a boost later that year when a US Army Air Corps board chaired by Emmons issued a request for a night fighter based on the British specifications. These were further refined by the Air Technical Service Command at Wright Field, OH. Specifications General Length: 49 ft., 7 in.Wingspan: 66 ft.Height: 14 ft., 8 in.Wing Area: 662.36 sq. ft.Empty Weight: 23,450 lbs.Loaded Weight: 29,700 lbs.Maximum Takeoff Weight: 36,200 lbs.Crew: 2-3 Performance Maximum Speed: 366 mphRange: 610 milesRate of Climb: 2,540 ft./min.Service Ceiling: 33,100 ft.Power Plant: 2 Ãâ€" Pratt Whitney R-2800-65W Double Wasp radial engines, 2,250 hp each Armament 4 Ãâ€" 20 mm Hispano M2 cannon in ventral fuselage4 Ãâ€" .50 in M2 Browning machine guns in remotely operated, full-traversing upper turret4 Ãâ€" bombs of up to 1,600 lb. each or 6 Ãâ€" 5 in. HVAR unguided rockets Northrop Responds: In late October 1940, Northrops chief of research, Vladimir H. Pavlecka, was contacted by ATSCs Colonel Laurence C. Craigie who verbally detailed the type of aircraft they were seeking. Taking his notes to Northrop, the two men concluded that the new request from the USAAC was nearly identical to that from the RAF. As a result, Northrop produced the work done earlier in response to the British request and immediately had a head start over his competitors. Northrops initial design saw the company create an aircraft featuring a central fuselage suspended between two engine nacelles and tail booms. The armament was arranged in two turrets, one in the nose and one in the tail. Carrying a crew of three (pilot, gunner, and radar operator), the design proved unusually large for a fighter. This was necessary to accommodate the weight of the airborne intercept radar unit and the need for an extended flight time. Presenting the design to the USAAC on November 8, it was approved over the Douglas XA-26A. Refining the layout, Northrop quickly shifted the turret locations to the top and bottom of the fuselage. Subsequent discussions with the USAAC led to a request for increased firepower. As a result, the lower turret was abandoned in favor of four 20 mm cannon mounted in the wings. These were later repositioned to the underside of the aircraft, similar to the German Heinkel He 219, which freed up space in the wings for additional fuel while also improving the wings airfoil. The USAAC also requested the installation of flame arrestors on the engine exhausts, a rearrangement of radio equipment, and hard points for drop tanks. The Design Evolves: The basic design was approved by the USAAC and a contract issued for prototypes on January 10, 1941. Designated the XP-61, the aircraft was to be powered by two Pratt Whitney R2800-10 Double Wasp engines turning Curtiss C5424-A10 four-bladed, automatic, full-feathering propellers. As construction of the prototype moved forward, it quickly fell victim to a number of delays. These included difficulty obtaining the new propellers as well as equipment for the upper turret. In the latter case, other aircraft such as the B-17 Flying Fortress, B-24 Liberator, and B-29 Superfortress took priority in receiving turrets. The problems were eventually overcome and the prototype first flew on May 26, 1942. As the design evolved, the P-61s engines were changed to two Pratt Whitney R-2800-25S Double Wasp engines featuring two-stage, two-speed mechanical superchargers. Additionally, larger wider span flaps were used which permitted a lower landing speed. The crew was housed in the central fuselage (or gondola) with the airborne intercept radar dish mounted within a rounded nose in front of the cockpit. The rear of the central fuselage was enclosed with a plexiglass cone while the forward section featured a stepped, greenhouse-style canopy for the pilot and gunner.   In the final design, the pilot and gunner were situated toward the front of the aircraft while the radar operator occupied an isolated space towards the rear. Here they operated a SCR-720 radar set which was used to direct the pilot towards enemy aircraft. As the P-61 closed on an enemy aircraft, the pilot could view a smaller radar scope mounted in the cockpit. The aircrafts upper turret was operated remotely and targeting aided by a General Electric GE2CFR12A3 gyroscopic fire control computer. Mounting four .50 cal. machine guns, it could be fired by the gunner, radar operator, or pilot. In the last case, the turret would be locked in a forward-firing position. Ready for service in early 1944, the P-61 Black Widow became the US Army Air Forces first purpose-designed night fighter. Operational History: The first unit to receive the P-61 was the 348th Night Fighter Squadron based in Florida. A training unit, the 348th prepared crews for deployment to Europe. Additional training facilities were also used in California. While night fighter squadrons overseas transitioned to the P-61 from other aircraft, such as the Douglas P-70 and British Bristol Beaufighter, many Black Widow units were formed from scratch in the United States. In February 1944, the first P-61 squadrons, the 422nd and 425th, shipped out for Britain. Arriving, they found that the USAAF leadership, including Lieutenant General Carl Spaatz, were concerned that the P-61 lacked the speed to engage the latest German fighters. Instead, Spaatz directed that the squadrons be equipped with British De Havilland Mosquitoes. Over Europe: This was resisted by the RAF which wished to retain all available Mosquitoes. As a result, a competition was held between the two aircraft to determine the P-61s capabilities. This resulted in a victory for the Black Widow, though many senior USAAF officers remained skeptical and others believed the RAF had deliberately thrown the contest. Receiving their aircraft in June, the 422nd began missions over Britain the following month. These aircraft were unique in that they had been shipped without their upper turrets. As a result, the squadrons gunners were reassigned to P-70 units. On July 16, Lieutenant Herman Ernst scored the P-61s first kill when he downed a V-1 flying bomb. Moving across the Channel later in the summer, P-61 units began to engage manned German opposition and posted an admirable success rate. Though some aircraft were lost to accidents and ground fire, none were downed by German aircraft. That December, the P-61 found a new role as it helped defend Bastogne during the Battle of the Bulge. Using its powerful complement of 20 mm cannon, the aircraft attacked German vehicles and supply lines as it aided the besieged towns defenders. As the spring of 1945 progressed, P-61 units found enemy aircraft increasingly scarce and kill numbers dropped accordingly. Though the type was also used in the Mediterranean Theater, units there often received them too late in the conflict to see meaningful results. In the Pacific: In June 1944, the first P-61s reached the Pacific and joined the 6th Night Fighter Squadron on Guadalcanal. The Black Widows first Japanese victim was a Mitsubishi G4M Betty which was downed on June 30. Additional P-61s reached the theater as the summer progressed though enemy targets were generally sporadic. This led to several squadrons never scoring a kill for the duration of the war. In January 1945, a P-61 aided in the raid on the Cabanatuan prisoner of war camp in the Philippines by distracting the Japanese guards as the assault force neared. As the spring of 1945 progressed, Japanese targets became virtually nonexistent though a P-61 was credited with scoring the final kill of the war when it downed a Nakajima Ki-44 Tojo on August 14/15. Later Service: Though concerns about the P-61s performance persisted, it was retained after the war as USAAF did not possess an effective jet-powered night fighter. The type was joined by the F-15 Reporter which had been developed during the summer of 1945. Essentially an unarmed P-61, the F-15 carried a multitude of cameras and was intended for use as a reconnaissance aircraft. Redesignated F-61 in 1948, the aircraft began to be withdrawn from service later that year and was replaced by the North American F-82 Twin Mustang. Refitted as a night fighter, the F-82 served as an interim solution until the arrival of the jet-powered F-89 Scorpion. The final F-61s were retired in May 1950. Sold to civilian agencies, F-61s and F-15s performed in a variety of roles into the late 1960s.

The assignment should be presented as a Journal opinion article and Essay - 1

The assignment should be presented as a Journal opinion article and address an economic issue of current interest to Wall Street - Essay Example A recent report showed that around 155,000 jobs were added in December in order to handle the unemployment situation in U.S economy. However, the rate of unemployment remains unchanged and stood at 7.8%. Faster job creation is required that is around 300,000 or more in order to bring the rate of unemployment at desired level. Policy makers are enjoying sweet repose as annual inflation stays at satisfactory level. Over the past 12 months, only an increase of 1.8% has been seen in consumer prices. When it comes to Household Debt, it has been observed that credit card debt has declined to 16.5% and consumers remain cautious. It will enable Americans to spend a little, as economy gets better. Despite of it, certain types of debt are still rising such as student loans. Fresh graduates are not being able to find well-paying jobs. Prices of Homes continues to move up as market condition of real estate improves. As unemployment goes down, there is more chance of further improvement. As far a s Gas Prices are concerned, although they fell last year, they have again started to back up. Gas prices rely on cost of oil, which has increased to double after the recession has ended. As economic conditions get better, there would be an upsurge in demand of oil, which will ultimately increase the prices of gas. For Equity Markets, the combination of low inflation and slow growth is usually good for stocks. Forecasters seek adequate gains from blue chip companies. Certainly, it will lead investors to continue to invest in stocks. Critical Analysis In this article, the author has mentioned the impact of post-recession economic conditions on American families. Several areas have been highlighted in order to provide brief insight of how this area affects American families. In this article the author states that the economic condition in United States has been improving for the past 3 years yet, it does not stand at the point where it should be. I believe that this point is not valid because the economy of United States experienced worst recession in 2008. Usually after recession, the economy gets stabilize but in this case, it was referred to as Double-Dip Recession. It means that after the initial recession, there was very slowly recovery, which was followed by another recession. Analysts predicted that there is threat of United States getting bankrupt. If it happens then it will drown many another economies with itself. Therefore, after all such chaos, even if the economy is heading towards improvement then it must not be criticized. Despite of discussing all the integral components of an economy, the author showed least linkage of these factors with American families and their influence on them. Brief information was given on the concluding note that outlook is encouraging for people having stable housing, good credit and secure jobs. The author concluded that recovery will be weakening and there will be less help for those who are underemployed or unemploye d. It would not do well to them who have lost their homes. At the end, the author transits to building more ambitious budget reforms. Without such reforms, there is a threat that current slow growth will become entrenched in the form of economic stagnation. Thus, by the analysis of this article it can be concluded that as mentioned by the economic indicators, the economic cond